| The Stuttgart Electronic
Study Bible is an electronic version of the most fundamental documents in
Biblical Scholarship – the main texts of the Hebrew and Greek Bible with
their critical apparatus. This tool demonstrates that these resources are
much easier to use as an electronic publication than on paper. The Logos
edition has some rough edges, partly due to the data produced by the
Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft on which this is based, and I look forward to a
future version which will be even more usable.
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| If you've heard me on the subject of Logos before, you'll know I'm not a fan. I'm still not a fan, but I'm impressed. There is no doubt that they are providing useful and increasingly essential resources which are unavailable elsewhere. I don't like their interface – it is as ugly and awkward as a large open-plan office – but that probably betrays more about me than the program itself. I'm stating this so that you take my snide comments with a pinch of salt and understand that my congratulations are fulsome and well earned. | ||
| There are two versions of
SESB - the one supplied by the Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, which can be
bought in a variety of places for about $325 (for USA customers
and for outside
USA), and a cut-down edition for about $160 (USA only). For most
English-speaking scholars, the Logos cut-down version contains everything
you want – it lacks only the multitude of modern Bible translations, most
of which are non-English, and the Gospel of Thomas. The cut-down version
is only available from Logos and only for US customers – presumably due to
an agreement with Deutsche
Bibelgesellschaft.
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| The quickest way to find out what has been installed is to click on Library. The alphabetical list is much longer than expected because each book is listed in various ways (eg "Authorized Version" under A, "Bible Authorized" under B, "King James Version" under K etc), and because the list includes a large number of locked books you can purchase. | ||
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Resources unlocked in the full collection are: Dictionaries: Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament – a basic OT lookup dictionary with German & English definitions Lust's Lexicon of the Septuagint (LUH) – a brief lexicon with links to OT refs Newman's Dictionary of NT Greek – a basic NT lookup dictionary in English Kassühlke's Dictionary of NT Greek – a basic NT lookup dictionary in German
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New Search methods: SESB Lemma search Morphological Search
Bible Translations: AV, NIV, NRSV, Several Bibles in Dutch, French, German, Norwegian, modern Greek
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Ancient Texts & Editions Vulgate, Nestle-Aland 27th ed. Greek NT with Apparatus & Morphological tagging UBS 4th rev. ed Greek NT with Apparatus Rahlfs Greek OT & Morphological tagging BHS Hebrew OT with Apparatus & Morphological tagging Quinta Hebrew OT (1st 2 vols) with Apparatus Metzger's Commentary on the Greek NT Gospel of Thomas in Coptic, Greek & English
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(The cut-down version does not include Quinta, UBS NT, NA's tagging, Gospel of Thomas, Metzger or modern Bible translations) |
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People who buy this package mainly want the original-language texts.
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BHS – Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia The text is tagged but only with simple morphology and lexical roots, so this is the only information which appears when you hover over words. Surprisingly this does not include simple English meanings, though double-clicking on the word takes you to the correct position in the simple OT English dictionary.
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| The contents of the Apparatus appears when you hover over a textual marker, but unlike the NT you can't click on it to fix it. Instead the whole apparatus opens in a separate window at the correct place. In this Apparatus you can hover over all the inscrutable abbreviations and get a full explanation. For example, hover over "C" and you find it refers to "fragmentum codicis Hebraici in geniza Cairensi repertum" whereas "c" refers to "cum". This is both wonderful and frustrating – why are they still in Latin? Their reverence for the printed text has stopped them from being creative in the programming. | ||
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LXX – Rahlf's text The text is tagged so that hovering over a word displays the Gramcord morphological information. Surprisingly the lexical root is not shown, nor any English meaning, though double-clicking on a word takes you to the entry in Lust's dictionary.
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| The Apparatus of
Rahlfs is not present. Why not? It isn't the best apparatus (by choice,
one would use the Göttingen edition where available and the |
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BHQ – Biblia Hebraica Quinta The text is not tagged, so hovering over words or
double clicking on them does nothing. Why wasn't the tagging of the BHS
applied to this? – the texts are essentially identical because they are
both transcriptions of the The Apparatus abbreviations are explained when you hover over them, as with the other Apparatuses. In addition, the superb Quinta commentary is revealed when you hover over the large "+" signs. This commentary is what makes the new Quinta so much more useful than the BHS, and it is wonderful to see it integrated in such a useful way.
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NA27 – Nestle Aland Greek NT, 27th edition The text is tagged with Gramcord morphology, though no lexical roots are displayed in the hover-over. Double-clicking on a word opens the basic NT dictionary. The Apparatus can be seen if you hover over an
abbreviation in the text. When you click on it, the Apparatus opens in a
separate window. Hovering over an abbreviation in that window reveals the
full information about each manuscript. For example, hovering over "D"
tells you that it is "ms. nr. *D 05 saec. V bibliotheca
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UBS4 – United Bible Society Greek NT, 4th revised ed. The text is not tagged so hovering over a word tells you nothing, though double-clicking on a word takes you to the Perseus internet site which gives a morphological analysis and links to Liddell & Scott (you need a live internet connection for this). Hovering over a verse number shows the cross references. It is difficult to see why the NA morphology couldn't have been used for the UBS text, given that the text is virtually identical to the NA27 text (except for a little punctuation, some capitalisation and perhaps a couple of spellings). The Apparatus is viewed by hovering over the
abbreviations in the text, and if you click, the hover-over becomes fixed
so that you can hover over abbreviations in the note. For example, hover
over "D" and you find it is "Uncial Manuscript: D 05, Contents: Gospels
& Acts, Location:
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| Metzger's
Commentary on the variants in the Greek NT is, in some
ways, a supplement to the UBS text. It would have been nice to have direct
links to it from the Greek text. You can imitate this by opening both
resources and clicking on the "Links" symbol (looks like a chain link) and
selecting "Set A" in both. They will now scroll together.
Unlike the NA27, Quinta or BHS you cannot open the Apparatus as a separate document, so it is difficult to search (though see Searching below for a solution).
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| The CD (or CDs)
come with a helpful manual. You also get a "Supplement CD" which isn't
mentioned in the manual. You aren't told, though it is fairly clear, that
you should install using the "SESB v.2" CD. If you don't already use Logos
front end called "Libronix", this will be installed along with the SESB
resources. Registration is compulsory and is easiest over the internet.
You also need an internet connection for some upgrades and even for some
program features (see UBS below).
When you have installed, and registered, you are prompted to load files into your hard drive - a very good idea unless you have restricted space. At “List Resources” select “All on removable media”. When you are asked "Do you have any more discs?" reply Yes, and insert the Supplement CD - it is mainly for installing the user's language. They treat the user language very seriously; they supply several European languages as well as different English versions for users in the US, UK, Australia, and New Zealand! If everything goes OK, all this will all take about 10-20 minutes, though it took me about 2 hours (don't ask). A hint: if there is no Home button at the top left, the installation has probably gone wrong (as it did for me). In that case, click on Tools: Account Management. If this doesn’t bring up a request for the serial number, try restarting your computer. To use the SESB searches, you will need Unicode Greek & Hebrew keyboards installed. Rather than use the default ones in Windows (which are unrelated to English keyboards) or the Logos ones (which, in my opinion, are not very intuitive), I recommend installing the free Tyndale Unicode Kit (www.TyndaleHouse.com/Fonts.htm). These keyboards map the alphabets to match English letters as far as possible (ie beth and beta on B, gimmel and gamma on G etc) and gives easy access to Hebrew pointing & punctuation, Greek accents & breathing and transliteration accents. While installing it, the kit gives detailed instructions on how to initialise the Greek & Hebrew keyboards. |
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If you are new to Libronix, the opening window is disconcerting empty, but the SESB has a useful welcome screen which acts as a quick introduction. It is always available when you click on the Home button. This Home screen helpfully invites you to set your default Bible (which m otherwise set to Luther's German Bible). There is no option to pick separate selections for NT & OT (eg you might want NA27 & BHS respectively), so they appear to assume you will want to choose a translation rather than an original-language text. Other quick links there also take you to some useful searches. For a quick tour, do the following: |
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| Click on “Search in a
Bible” – enter a word or phrase. Try “John the Baptist”
with “All available unlocked Bibles”. The search is a little slow, but the
results are helpfully grouped by text, with columns marking which versions
contain the words.
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Click on Home again, and then on “Search Linguistic Database of BHS” – in the Find box type “bdd” (ie beth dalet dalet) and Enter. This is the Quest search tool with which you can create some very complex searches. For now simply click on “Add all” to find all the forms listed, then click on "Search". - - You can select three ways to display the results – the most useful Current View is probably “Hits in context”. - Click on a line and the Hebrew BHS text is opened at that location. - Hover over a Hebrew word to see the root and morphology. Right-click then on "Execute Keylink" to find it in a simple lexicon.
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Click on Home again, and then on "Search in the linguistic database of NTG (or … of LXX). These both open the Morphological Bible Search, which is rather easier to use than the Quest search tool. It can search any of the three main Bibles (BHS, NA & LXX) using the morphology (ie grammatical analysis) pertaining to any of their three languages (Hebrew, Aramaic & Greek). For example: - Change your keyboard to Greek by clicking on the "EN" in the Status Bar (bottom right of the screen) and changing it to "EL" (for 'Elenika or Greek), or by pressing Alt-Shift. Or, if you have not installed Unicode Greek & Hebrew, use the Logos Keyboard by clicking on the "a" in the Status Bar. - Type a couple of letters at "Lemma" and wait for the Word List to populate
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| Turn on the Information
Window (menu "View", "Information Window"). This shows
the information you'd expect to find when you hover over words – ie root,
morphology and basic meaning (which you can adjust at menu
"Tools", "Options", "Bible Tools"). Now that you have done
that, you may as well turn off the relatively useless SESB hover
information (click on menu "Tools", "Options", "Keylink", then select
"Hebrew Morphology SEBS" and "Do not display tip window", and
do the same for other SESB texts).
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| There is a bewildering number
of searches available.
Click on Search and you can choose:
Basic search – search for a word or phrase in one or all installed books
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| Bible search
– search in one or all Bibles, which can be constrained
to a range of Bible books
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Bible Speed Search – a Basic search, but only for Bibles (not including the Apparatuses)
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Morphological Bible Search, with options for Greek, Hebrew or Aramaic. This is a very powerful tool by which you can look for every occurrence of a lemma (which you can pick from a drop down after typing a couple of letters) or you can constrain it by a particular grammatical form (which you can pick by ticking boxes). You need to type in Unicode Greek or Hebrew. You can add together different words and grammatical forms and easily create a highly defined complex search. But this ONLY searches BHS, NA and LXX which come with SESB.
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SEBS BHS Search – a powerful tool for making complex searches as in the Morphological Search but by different tools. It has a couple of extra features (you can save searches and define the maximum word gap between different search elements) but is less helpful (no dropdown lists for the lemmas) and only searches BHS.
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| SESB Lemma
Search – has as dropdown list of lemmas, so you only have
to type the first two letters. It automatically types Greek or Hebrew when
appropriate. It can only search the text of BHS, LXX & NA27 – ie it
can't search texts added in version 2 (UBS & Quinta) or any of the
Apparatuses.
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Fuzzy Search – adds some variation to save you searching for several permutations. For example, searching for "Baptist" finds passages including the words "baptism" and French "Baptise" though not "baptise", etc.
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Advanced Search – adds the ability to construct complex searches graphically and carry them out on whole books or ranges. In my installation of SESB this caused an error, probably because a Libronix component is missing which comes with the standard Libronix installation, but I expect they'll have a fix soon.
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Right-clicking on a word gives a quick route to many of these searches. In tagged Greek & Hebrew resources this will also give you the option of searching for the lemma or its basic meaning in English. The "Word Study" feature is particularly powerful, pulling together relevant information from all your resources and organising them in a semi-intelligent display, though it can be slow to complete. I don't think there is anything this useful in competing products.
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Field Searching is a somewhat hidden though powerful feature. All resources are tagged with different fields, each of which can be searched. You might, for example, want to find all the variant readings citing evidence from a particular Church Father in the UBS apparatus. To do this:
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1) Open the UBS NT by clicking on "Library" and
finding "The Greek New Testament, Fourth Revised Edition (with
apparatus) This example illustrates both the hidden power and the complexity of Libronix. |
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| Using these resources in
electronic form makes me wonder if I will ever want to use the paper
versions again. First the obvious – it is easier to zoom in on tiny
details like pointing; information like morphology,
roots or meaning appear by hovering or clicking; and the text can
be searched in a variety of ways. All this is wonderful, though none of
this is new, and sometimes it is done better by other programs, many of
which are free (see www.TyndaleHouse.com/BibleSoftware.htm)
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| What is new in SESB is the
ability to search the Apparatus. You can, for example, find all the
Tiqqune sopherim by searching for "Tiq soph" in the footnotes of BHS.
These are the emendations that the rabbis recorded as having been made to
the original text for the sake of preserving God's honour. For example the
original Hebrew of Gen.18.22 read that the Lord stood before Abraham, but
this might be misinterpreted as the stance of a servant so the text was
changed. The BHS apparatus refers to such changes in 14
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| What makes SESB so useable is
the ability to understand the apparatus without needing to memorise all
the arcane abbreviations. Remembering that codex B is 4th C
Vaticanus and D is 5th C Bezae is easy compared to trying to
remember that "28" refers to an 11th C Minuscule or that Hilary
is a mid 4th C Father, or that "Diatessaronarm"
refers to the Armenian translation within Ephraem's commentary for
passages where it differs from the Syriac original. The linking between
them and the text is also very useful, because there is no need to
constantly take one's eye off the text to try and identify the relevant
note. At last, the Apparatus is usable.
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The BHS Apparatus has also become more usable, but I wish they had taken the opportunity to translate the Latin abbreviations into English and German. Latin was chosen as a language which all scholars in all countries knew, but sadly that isn't true any more. Hover over a gothic "S" and you are informed that this refers to "versio Syriaca consensu testium SA et SW constituta" and "cf" is explained as "confer(endum) etc". This software provides menus in several different languages including separate varieties for Australian English and New Zealand English. If only they could extend a tiny amount of this care to the texts themselves.
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Copy and paste works straight into Word or any other application which recognizes Unicode. The fonts are a mixture – BibliaLS for UBS, Gentium for LXX and NA, SBL Hebrew for BHS and Quinta (though you can change this in Tools: Options: Bible Tools). But it doesn't matter which fonts are used, because Unicode fonts are interchangeable. You can convert it to any other freely distributed Unicode font which contains academic Greek & Hebrew, such as Cardo. You can also use the Verse Copy tool in the Status Bar which has an option to produce the Greek or Hebrew in transliterated form. They also helpfully provide a tool to convert Word documents using Graeca and Hebraica to Unicode.
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At present Bible Works does not have their own version of SESB (though it includes tagged texts of BHS, NA27 and LXX). Accordance sells the "Mac Studienbibel CD-ROM, Stuttgart Original Language Collection" which is the rough equivalent of a cut-down SESB v.1 – ie they have untagged BHS and NA27 with their Apparatus, and Rahlf's LXX, but they do not have any Quinta or UBS. Perhaps they will add Quinta, but they will probably not add UBS because they already sell a more detailed apparatus which is based on the UBS4 apparatus (CNTTS – the Center for New Testament Studies NT Critical Apparatus). Therefore, what makes the Logos version different
from all other Bible software is the presence of UBS & Quinta, and the
two extra search methods. Will there be a free upgrade
when other volumes of Quinta come out? If so, this is a wonderful bargain.
My guess is we'll have to pay for them. Of the two
search methods, the Morphological Search is easier to use and
covers all the texts, and it is very easy to use considering how
fantastically powerful it is. It is as good as, and perhaps a little
easier to learn, than the Accordance and BibleWorks morphological
searches. |
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If you are a Mac user running Accordance you will probably want to buy their similarly priced package which has the most important of these texts. You could, of course, buy the PC emulator Parallels and a copy of Windows and run Logos on an Intel Mac (I've seen it done, and it works well). But anyone who has got used to Mac and Accordance is likely to find the transition to Windows and Logos filled with frustration and disappointment. (I'm a PC fan personally, but I recognise that Mac & Accordance users smile more often than I do). Logos is working hard at making a comparable product for the Mac. The amount of time this is taking shows how serious they are, and how complex the task is. If you are a PC user, this decision is a no-brainer. Sell your paper BHS, NA27 & UBS4, and buy this package. You don't need to stop using BibleWorks but you will soon want to have both open. BibleWorks integrates itself well with Libronix and with internet resources via the built-in Link Manager. Even by itself, this package gives you a fully working Logos Libronix workface, and soon you will want to dip your toe in for other resources.
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David Instone-Brewer 2007
